IRS1 and Insulin resistance: Bilobalide, according to one study, shielded lipid cells against oxygen deficiency-induced insulin resistance and reduced inflammation by increasing adiponectin secretion, blocking the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) receptors in the insulin signaling cascade, lowering inflammatory adipokine production, and decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation [77].