GSTM1 and acute kidney injury: In human models, studies revealed that intravascular hemolysis and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory Hb and heme into circulation or tissues are characteristic of several human diseases, including sickle cell disease (SCD), thalassaemias, spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), among others (11, 17–21).