Whereas TNF generation is increased in lavage from acute ARDS patients (Hamacher et al., 2002), whose AFC capacity inversely correlates with mortality (Ware and Matthay, 2001), a TNF-dependent increase in AFC is found in a number of animal models, three of which are presented in more detail (Rezaiguia et al., 1997; Börjesson et al., 2000; Tillie-Leblond et al., 2002; Hamacher et al., 2018). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.