A cross-sectional study found that in AD patients without an APOE4 allele, hyperinsulinemia was also associated with an increased risk of AD (Kuusisto et al., 1997) and higher insulin was associated with amyloid deposition even before symptom onset (Willette et al., 2015) as shown by amyloid imaging on positron emission tomography scans. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.