GDF15 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Compared with healthy controls (serum GDF15 levels of 0.31 ± 0.01 ng/mL), HCC patients showed significantly increased GDF15 levels (6.66 ± 0.67 ng/mL) and so did the patients with cirrhosis (6.51 ± 1.47 ng/mL) [52].