As shown in Fig. 3, the cytokines and chemokines with the highest expression levels in aged BALB/c mice during the infection interval were interleukin 6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)/CCL2, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)/CXCL2, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)/CXCL1, IL-3, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-7, IL-10, and IL-12 (p70 and mature dimers consisting of p35 and p40). Here, IL9 is linked to infection.