CCL4 and infection: As shown in Fig. 5, the expression levels of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α)/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, IL-1α, and IFN-γ (except for one aged BALB/c mouse in the early phase of infection) were highest in young BALB/c mice from the early to middle phases of infection.