TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Conversely, in RA cells, the presence of these cytokines in addition to Cd, strongly decreased cell viability compared to Cd 0.1 ppm (IL-17: 22.2 ± 22.8%, GM-CSF: 41.5 ± 27.8%, TNF: 15.8 ± 10.5%, vs. 71.3 ± 11.5%, p = 0.031, Fig. 5b).