More recently, immuno-oncology (I-O) therapies, primarily immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, have demonstrated improved survival outcomes versus standard chemotherapy in randomized clinical trials and have emerged as recommended first- and second-line treatments in Europe and North America for patients with advanced NSCLC without actionable driver mutations [3, 11–15]. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.