TGFB1 and Atrophy: Although the specific underlying mechanism behind this remains unclear, our findings suggest that it involves the downregulation of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway (Smad2/Smad3 phosphorylation) in the soleus muscle of female rats and that losartan inhibits the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, thereby attenuating muscular atrophy in female rats.