ATF3 and Cerebral ischemia: To detect the mechanism of ATF3/CCL2 regulation on neural injury in rats with cerebral ischemia, we performed immunofluorescence using antibodies to ATF3 and CCL2 and the neuronal marker NeuN to identify the localization of ATF3 and CCL2 in rat brain tissues, and both ATF3 and CCL2 were clearly expressed in neurons of brain tissues (Figure 5a).