In previous studies, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and MIP-1α changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were investigated in individuals with periodontitis, but no study has evaluated these biomarkers together at different stages of the disease.18–20 The hypothesis of this study is that GCF GM-CSF, which is thought to be effective on the release of IL-1β and MIP-1α, may increase with the progression to later stages of periodontitis. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and periodontitis.