It has been reported that a high GCF volume reduces its concentration as a result of increased local inflammation in diseased areas.38–40 Regarding the relation between GCF components and periodontal diseases, it has been reported that the total amount of biomarker may be a more valid and reliable indicator for diagnostic purposes than the concentration.38–40 Therefore, for this study, the amount of GM-CSF, IL-1β, and MIP-1α in the GCF was estimated as their total amount, rather than assessing its concentration. Here, CSF2 is linked to periodontal disorder.