CSF2 and periodontitis: These findings point to the role of GM-CSF in periodontal inflammation, as shown in previous studies.8 Moreover, this hypothesis supports the view that GM-CSF increases bone loss, one of the differential consequences of periodontitis.34 Tissue destruction in periodontitis indicates insufficient resolution of inflammation as a result of immune cell dysfunctions, which may be another potential comment for the role of this growth factor in periodontal diseases.35