In a study conducted by Teles and colleagues, individuals with aggressive periodontitis had high levels of GM-CSF compared to individuals with good PH.20 A study conducted by Oliveira and colleagues found that GM-CSF was significantly higher in aggressive periodontitis, decreasing after periodontal treatment.33 Similar to these studies, our study found GM-CSF to be high in individuals with SIII-P. Here, CSF2 is linked to periodontitis.