CSF2 and periodontitis: Moreover, a GM-CSF blockade has been reported to cause decreased neutrophil accumulation in the gingiva.13 Similarly, a study conducted by Kim and colleagues found activated GM-CSF in the gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis.31 In a study by Thunell, et al.32 (2010), no significant distinction was found between the GM-CSF levels in the GCFs of individuals with periodontitis and those who had good PH.