To sum up, HFD in mice could induce the expression of miR-9-5p and that the transfer of miR-9-5p via lipotoxic hepatocytes-derived EVs negatively regulated TGM2 expression to induce the M1 polarization of macrophages in cellular and rodent NAFLD models. The gene discussed is TGM2; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.