Although the role of miRNAs shuttled by EVs in M1 macrophage polarization has already been investigated in NAFLD, the mechanism by which lipotoxic hepatocytes-derived EVs affect M1 macrophage polarization via interplay between miR-9-5p and TGM2 is poorly understood. The gene discussed is TGM2; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.