RT also leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and MMP accumulation within the TME promoting the accumulation of active transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α), with a range of consequences in promoting immune responses favouring tumour growth.21, 74. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.