CAFs can exhibit tumour-promoting functions or tumour-suppressive capability depending on their particular context, and act by releasing various growth factors (such as epidermal growth factors [EGFs], transforming growth factor [TGF]-β and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) and an array of chemokines to induce different aspects of tumour cell behaviour [4]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.