It is notable that TNC is also implicated in chemoresistance; in xenograft mouse models of breast cancer, exposure to multiple chemotherapy agents was shown to activate the JNK pathway which enhances the expression of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and TNC via c-Jun transcription factor, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy and progression of lung metastasis. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and breast cancer.