TGFB1 and neoplasm: It has been demonstrated that M2 TAMs in TME promote tumour cell proliferation, invasion/metastasis and angiogenesis through their secretion of cytokines (IL-10, IL-1β), chemokines and growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], TGF-β), as well as ECM remodelling proteases including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).