ANXA5 and lung carcinoma: To examine whether the effect of PCH-1 on reducing the viability of lung cancer cells was the result of inducing apoptotic cell death, A-549, H226, and H460 cells were treated with the compound for 6, 24, and 48 h, and analyzed by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining using flow cytometry (Fig. S1 in supplementary information).