The sensitive PDXs and the resistant PDXs exhibited significantly different gene expression distributions, and it was notable that genes abnormally overexpressed in multiple cancer types, such as PBX1, ATF3, PARP3, and PTPN18 were among the top-ranking differentially expressed genes in the intrinsic resistance group (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 3b). The gene discussed is ATF3; the disease is cancer.