The results revealed that the combination therapy increased the number of infiltrating effector cells into the tumor area and upregulated the tumor-killing function of CD8+ T cells while significantly decreasing the number of Tregs, CD206+macrophages (TAMs), PD-L1+macrophages, and the CD8+ T cell expression of immune checkpoints (eg, TIM-3, LAG3, and PD-1), which promoted immune suppressive effects in pancreatic cancer. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.