The HIV status and broad geographic representation of our participants, which includes countries in which SCT and APOL1 variants are largely absent (e.g., Ethiopia and Eritrea), both highly prevalent (e.g., Nigeria), or variably present (e.g., SCT is common and APOL1 variants are uncommon in Cameroon and Angola), or the presence of HIV (which substantially increases the risk of kidney disease in those with APOL1 high-risk genotypes) may have contributed to these contrasting results. Here, APOL1 is linked to kidney disorder.