TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Among the genes examined here, CD36 promotes fatty acid uptake [27], FAS, ACC, and SCD1 catalyze de novo lipogenesis [28–30], SREBP-1c transcriptionally activates genes for lipogenesis [31]; PPARα stimulates lipid metabolism and antagonizes inflammation [32], CPT1A mediates fatty acid oxidation [33], and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL-2 are all pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines upregulated in NAFLD [34].