And in the CCA microenvironment, EVs derived from cancer cells could induce bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into fibroblasts, accompanied by a significant up-regulation in the myofibroblast markers like α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin), FAP (fibroblast activation protein alpha), and vimentin. The gene discussed is FAP; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.