TNF and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia is associated with increased levels of proinflammatory factors that contribute to tumor neoangiogenesis, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, TGF-β, interleukin (IL)-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and fibroblast growth factor 2 [29].