Further, knockdown of the enzymes that contribute to SUMO conjugation, namely SAE1/Aos1, SAE2/Uba2, was also protective, extending adult fly lifespan during Pe infection (Fig 2D), as was the expression of a dominant-negative allele of the conjugating enzyme, Lwr/Ubc9 (Ubc9DN). The gene discussed is SAE1; the disease is infection.