TNF and gestational diabetes: Some studies suggest that TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are independent risk factors for PE in women with GDM (94, 175, 176), and others suggest that in addition to the increased level of CRP, the imbalance of Interleukin-17 /Interleukin-35 may also be involved in the pathogenesis of GDM complicated with PE (177).