Experimental data from animal studies supported the idea that the Sigma-1 receptor agonist (SA4503) might be the promising pharmacological agent to treat depression-related AF by increasing conduction function, improving the expression of connexin 40 and 43, and reducing cardiac myocardial inflammation, but it has not been used in clinical practice (50, 51). This evidence concerns the gene GJA5 and atrial fibrillation.