TGFB1 and Hydrocephalus: Clinically, it is observed that there are high levels of proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with hydrocephalus, such as thrombopoietin, carbonicanhydrase-I (CA-I) and peroxidase-2 (Prx-2) (25), TGF-β1 (26), S-100protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (27, 28), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and vascular endothelial growth factor (29).