BDNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In mice with T2DM, DHM inhibits oxidative stress in the hippocampus (66), increases the protein expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, and stimulate improvement of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM mice (71).