VEGFA and neoplasm: In vivo studies show that tumor cells overexpress β-adrenergic receptors, and their binding to the released catecholamines activates a signaling circuit of cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and intracellular calcium increase that improves the transcription of premetastatic factors, such as HIF, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinases (23).