In addition to morphological assessment, necessary for evaluating the presence of bone marrow dysplastic features, a correct diagnosis of AML-MRC requires cytogenetics to identify cases of de novo AML with MDS-related cytogenetic abnormalities (Table 3), and exclude recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities (Table 2), anamnestic investigation, and molecular analysis to exclude NPM1 and biallelic CEBPA mutations (8, 28). The gene discussed is NPM1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.