In addition, MSCs also reprogram toward CSCs, due to the aberrant changes of tumor microenvironments, which leads to the tumor development through the increased production of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and the activation of Hedgehog, Wnt, Akt/mTOR, and NF-kB signaling pathways (31, 109–112). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is neoplasm.