Based on tobacco history, high TMB, high levels of PD-L1 expression and pro-inflammatory microenvironment of KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients, KRAS mutated NSCLC patients are expected to benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (137, 138), and this has been demonstrated in KRAS G12C-mutant patients in particular (139–141). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.