TNF and infection: A study of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice treated with BCG demonstrated enhanced release of cytokines IL-1β and TNF in monocytes in a NOD2-dependent manner upon infection with Candida albicans, which was found to be epigenetically controlled by histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), an open chromatin histone marker (24).