In the LPS-induced male Wistar rat endotoxemia model by tail vein injection, nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) treatment, in the same way, improved the survival rate by 40%, lowered the elevation of ALT and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly, recovered the plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and had little influence on IL-10 levels (114). Here, TNF is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.