Targeted therapies, as represented by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatments targeted the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, or the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expressed by tumor cells; these two treatment paradigms have significantly revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival outcome for lung cancer. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is neoplasm.