In 2004, Niculescu et al. (170) observed an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) levels in choline-deficient neuroblastoma cells due to its hypomethylation leading to a reduction in proliferation, revealing that choline can interfere with tumorigenesis as a modulator of DNA methylation (170). The gene discussed is CDKN3; the disease is neuroblastoma.