TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Exemplarily, neutralization of TNF-α like in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by use of TNF-α type 2 receptor-IgG1 fusion protein (etanercept) or chimeric monoclonal antibody against TNF-α (infliximab; Lipsky et al., 2000) might oppose TNF-α signaling and hence inflammation and subsequent vascular remodeling in PH.