MAPT and Alzheimer disease: In an earlier study, Kitazawa et al. used IL-1R blocking antibodies to inhibit IL-1β signaling in the 3xTg AD mouse model and found that they could significantly reduce the activity of tau kinase, such as cdk5/p25, GSK -3β, p38-MAPK, thereby reducing the level of tau phosphorylation (Kitazawa et al., 2011).