Recently, rhEPO with modification or combined with other therapies such as human umbilical cord blood cells, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and cyclosporine A displayed better beneficial effects than rhEPO treatment alone in rodent stroke models (Yu et al., 2014; Yuen et al., 2017; Hwang et al., 2019; Jeong et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and Stroke.