For instance, it has been proved that EVs are potential carriers of misfolded toxic proteins, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and tau in AD (Saman et al., 2012; Rajendran et al., 2014; Ghidoni et al., 2018), α-synuclein in PD (Stuendl et al., 2021), and TDP-43 in ALS and FTD (Iguchi et al., 2016; Sproviero et al., 2018, 2019). Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.