The impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the etiopathogenesis of AD has been exhaustively studied, with IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), all being associated with neuroinflammatory processes (Guillot-Sestier et al., 2015; Chen J.-M. Here, VEGFA is linked to Alzheimer disease.