NTN1 and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, exogenous application of netrin-1 has been found to regulate Aβ peptide production, oligomerization and clearance in AD models, to improve cognitive dysfunction as assessed in the novel object recognition task and ameliorate impaired spatial memory as demonstrated in the morris water maze test (Lourenço et al., 2009; Spilman et al., 2016; Shabani et al., 2017; Zamani et al., 2019).