CCL4 and Alzheimer disease: Cells sourced from AD brains also presented elevated pro-inflammatory molecules including cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, and M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) suggesting a greater inflammatory response from microglia in AD (Lue et al., 2001).