MAPK8 and hydrops fetalis: 2016) have reported that MAPK signalling pathway is involved in the development of the pathological process of HF. ERK1/2 and JNK, as key signalling molecules in the MAPK family, the activation could directly mediate inflammation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial apoptosis and other physiological processes. Activation of ERK and JNK stimulates collagen expression and promotes fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis progression further leading to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis (Ren et al. 2017).