TNF and neoplasm: On the other hand, inflammatory cells play a role in promoting tumor development by secreting a variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as proangiogenic factors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor) (Balkwill and Mantovani 2001; Kusumanto et al. 2003).