The relative mRNA expression of all of these markers, i.e. Ndufa2, mt-Nd1, mt-Nd5, Cox5a, Cox8b, mt-Co1, and mt-Co2, increased significantly increased by at least sevenfold in the T2DM group compared to NDC (Fig. 4D). The gene discussed is NDUFA2; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.