In addition, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are now standard therapies in the first-line setting for metastatic non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) [4–9], in combination with cytotoxic therapies or CTLA-4 inhibitors, as well as in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.