MAPK9 and colorectal carcinoma: CRC-exosomes containing transferring TGF-β can activate TGF-β/Smad signaling and inactivate SAPK signaling which induces phenotypic alteration of T cells to Treg-like cells.117–119 Delivery of Fas-ligand-containing CRC cell exosomes to T cells can induce cell apoptosis.120 Citrullination generated by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) derived from CRC cells as a driver of liver metastases.121 In another study, it was reported that mutated KRAS is transferred to recipient cells through exosomes and induces increased IL-8 production, recruiting more neutrophils and further aggravating CRC.122