Increased the levels of JAK2, total STAT3 (t-STAT3) and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) were observed in the DSS group, thereby suggesting activation of the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 pathways in IBD progression (Fig. 7G, Additional file 1: Fig. S16). The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.