STAT3 and colitis: F nucleatum also promotes the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐17) and activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway, thereby inducing the expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells in the DSS‐induced colitis model.33