In BMDMs, a combination of cytokines associated with severe COVID-19 (IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-15, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-2) was shown to robustly induce cell death [26], indicating that the hyper-inflammatory state created by the immune system in response to SARS-CoV-2 inevitably leads to activation of PCD pathways. Here, IL1B is linked to COVID-19.