TNF and COVID-19: Excessive activation of NLRP3 leads to high DAMPs release, pyroptosis, activation of macrophages, neutrophil infiltration, cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL3), cell death and fibrosis, which are all key features characteristic of severe COVID-19 [38].