Rebound excitation in TRN neurons is mediated by T-type Ca2+ channels.32,33 Three isoforms of T-type Ca2+ channels are expressed throughout the thalamo-cortico-thalamic network: Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3, with 3.2 and 3.3 being dominant in the TRN.34 These isoforms are considered to cause SWDs.35 Human studies reported that a mutation of TRN-expressing T-type Ca2+ channels is associated with absence seizures.36 A Cav3.2 mutant was observed in Chinese patients suffering from absence seizures. This evidence concerns the gene CACNA1H and juvenile absence epilepsy.