Corroborating these literature data, the results of the present work, in which we used naturally-occurring antimony-resistant strains that cause AL, showed that these strains present upregulated reductase proteins (trypanothione reductase, thioredoxin, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase-like, thiol-dependent reductase 1, nucleoside diphosphate kinase b, deoxyribose phosphate aldolase, and methyltioadenosine phosphorilase, which interact with each other (Figure 3). Here, DERA is linked to axial length measurement.